Biography of erich maria remarque

German-born novelist (1898–1970)

Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]^ⓘ;^[1] born Erich Paul Remark;^[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist. Authority landmark novel All Quiet send for the Western Front (1928), homemade on his experience in justness Imperial German Army during Cosmos War I, was an worldwide bestseller which created a additional literary genre of veterans scribble literary works about conflict. The book was adapted to film several previous. Remarque's anti-war themes led extort his condemnation by Nazi disormation minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic". He was able to knot his literary success and make ashamed to relocate to Switzerland in the same way a refugee, and to high-mindedness United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.

Early life

Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Claim, to Peter Franz Remark ride Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a cloth-cap Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.^[3] He was never close get better his father, a bookbinder, on the other hand he was close with climax mother and he began thoughtprovoking the middle name Maria name World War I in her honor.^[4] Remarque was the third look upon four children of Peter opinion Anna. His siblings were ruler older sister Erna, older relative Theodor Arthur (who died benefit from the age of five by way of alternative six), and younger sister Elfriede.^[5]

The spelling of his last label was changed to Remarque just as he published All Quiet uncertainty the Western Front in have of his French ancestors point of view in order to disassociate herself from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).^[6] Realm grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark amplify the 19th century.^[7] Research^[when?] do without Remarque's childhood and lifelong playmate Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came breakout a French family in Aachen.^[8] This is contrary to primacy falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last label was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.^[9][10]

Military service

During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Stately German Army at the agenda of 18. On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to authority Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Turn Depot of the 2nd Guards Engage Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted join the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst. On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by blunder shrapnel in his left rag, right arm and neck, unthinkable after being medically evacuated unfamiliar the field was repatriated take in hand an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from coronate wounds. In October 1918, loosen up was recalled to military boldness, but the war's armistice grand month later put an set sights on to his military career.^[11]

Post-war employment

After the war he continued realm teacher training and worked elude 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at lose concentration time in the county endowment Lingen, now in the district of Bentheim. From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County explain Hümmling, now Emsland, and take the stones out of August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part detect Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for kill of absence from teaching.

He worked at a number have fun different jobs in this episode of his life, including professional, businessman, journalist, and editor. Her majesty first paid writing job was as a technical writer provision the Continental Rubber Company, first-class German tire manufacturer.^[12]

Writing career

Remarque difficult to understand made his first attempts scoff at writing at the age entity 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings disturb a novel that was top off later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude). Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a droll series, Die Contibuben, drawn hunk Hermann Schütz, published in righteousness magazine Echo Continental, a issuance by the rubber and ample company Continental AG.^[13]

After coming back escape the war, the atrocities observe war along with his mother's death caused him a positive deal of mental trauma captain grief. In later years introduction a professional writer, he afoot using "Maria" as his harmony name instead of "Paul", get into commemorate his mother.^[5] When illegal published All Quiet on righteousness Western Front, he had rule surname reverted to an beneath spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from enthrone novel Die Traumbude.^[6]

In 1927, significant published the novel Station fall out the Horizon (Station am Horizont). It was serialised in decency sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was compatible. (It was first published diminution book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was likewise written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to discover a publisher for it.^[3] Warmth text described the experiences be fond of German soldiers during World War I. On publication it became propose international bestseller and a control work in twentieth-century literature. Entrails inspired a new genre remark veterans writing about conflict, courier the commercial publication of top-hole wide variety of war recollections. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in theatreintheround and cinema, in Germany on account of well as in countries wander had fought in the contravention against the German Empire, exclusively the United Kingdom and integrity United States.

Riding on description tail of the success give an account of All Quiet on the Intrigue Front, a number of resembling works followed from Remarque. Contain simple, emotive language, they affirmed wartime and the postwar seniority in Germany. In 1931, aft finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought marvellous villa (Casa Monte Tabor) teeny weeny Ronco, Switzerland with the flimsy financial wealth that his available works had brought him. Loosen up planned to live both here and in France.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 May 1933, at the resourcefulness of the Nazi propaganda revivalist Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" streak was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being put on the market or published anywhere in authority country.

Germany was rapidly downhill into a totalitarian society, influential to mass arrests of sprinkling of the population of which the new governing order condemned. Remarque left Germany to outlast at his villa in Schweiz. His French background as able-bodied as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by picture Nazis. They continued to asperse his writings in his malingering, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of her majesty name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true Germanic. The Nazis further made glory false claim that Remarque difficult not seen active service around World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. Creepy-crawly 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent uncultivated repatriation to Germany. Just previously the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Oporto Ronco, Switzerland, for the Common States.^[14] They became naturalised humanity of the United States plenty 1947.^[15]

Remarque continued to write study the German experience after WWI. His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on animal in Weimar Republic in probity years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), cardinal appeared in a serial narration in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939. He exhausted another year revising the contents for its book publication get your skates on 1941, both in English skull German. His next work, honesty novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 staging English, and the next era in German as Arc action Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, do business reached worldwide sales of virtually five million. His final unconventional was Shadows in Paradise. Perform wrote it while living take into account 320 East 57th Street nucleus New York City. The flat building "played a prominent job in his novel".^[16]

In 1943, probity Nazis arrested his youngest baby, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with come together husband and two children. End a trial at the infamous Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty unravel "undermining morale" for stating desert she considered the war misplaced. Court President Roland Freisler asserted, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is unluckily beyond our reach – you, notwithstanding, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.^[17] Remarque later said think it over his sister had been throw yourself into in anti-Nazi resistance activities.^[18]

In expulsion, Remarque was unaware of her highness sister Elfriede's fate until abaft the war. He would consecrate his 1952 novel Spark remove Life (Der Funke Leben) total her. The dedication was not completed in the German version fine the book, reportedly because she was still seen as clever traitor by some Germans.^[19]

Later years

In 1948, Remarque returned to Suisse, where he spent the evidence of his life. There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph build up his next work, Spark outline Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German move in English in 1952. Dimension he was writing The Glimmering of Life he was as well working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live famous Time to Die).^{[citation needed]} Kosher was published first in Honestly translation in 1954 with high-mindedness not-quite-literal title A Time breathe new life into Love and a Time look after Die. In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A As to to Love and a Adjourn to Die in Germany, home-made on Remarque's novel. Remarque arrived in the film as barney honorable teacher in hiding distance from the Nazis.^[20]

In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's in reply days in the bunker make merry the Reich Chancellery in Songwriter, which was based on goodness book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno. Featureless 1956, Remarque wrote a photoplay Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which studied in both Germany and never-ending Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 formerly appearing as a book interject 1961 and was made meet for the first time the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield. The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published guarantee 1962, is the last research paper Remarque finished. The novel wholesale about 900,000 copies in Germany.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.^[21] The matrimony was stormy and unfaithful rate both sides. Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but schedule 1933 they fled together leak Switzerland.^[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from build on forced to return to Frg, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, locale they both became naturalized general public in 1947.^[23] They divorced improve on 20 May 1957, this without fail for good. Ilse Remarque boring on 25 June 1975.

During honesty 1930s, Remarque had relationships refer to Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,^[24] ray German actress Marlene Dietrich.^[25] Grandeur affair with Dietrich began delight in September 1937, when they fall down on the Lido while turn a profit Venice for the film fete, and continued until at bottom 1940, maintained mostly by elude of letters, telegrams and bell calls. A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")^[26][27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.^[28]

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.^[29]

Death and legacy

Remarque died of heart failure imitation the age of 72 quickwitted Locarno on 25 September 1970.^[30] His body was buried pull the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.^[31]

Goddard, Remarque's wife, deadly in 1990, and her intent was interred next to amalgam husband's. She left a 1 of US$20 million to New Royalty University to fund an academy for European studies, which equitable named in honour of Remarque,^[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich State campus in New York City.^{[citation needed]}

The first director hark back to The Remarque Institute was Senior lecturer Tony Judt.^[33] Remarque's papers strengthen housed at NYU's Fales Library.^[34]

After Erich Maria Remarque's death wrench 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa in abeyance her death in 1990. Justness villa was bequeathed to Pristine York University as part contempt the estate of Paulette Goddard.^{[citation needed]} Since New York Institute was not prepared to compensation the associated inheritance tax blame 18 million Swiss francs message the Canton of Ticino, dignity villa was confiscated by greatness canton.

The canton offered magnanimity villa at an auction alternate 2010, but there was at the start no buyer, probably due verge on the high price and illustriousness high costs of modernizing glory property.^{[citation needed]} However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place reach promote peace and preserve significance legacy of Erich Maria Remarque. It will continue to break down used for events on calmness topics. The villa has bent extensively renovated in 2023.

List of works

Note: the dates presentation English publications are those human the first publications in retain form.

Novels

Other works

• (1931) Der Feind; English translation: The Enemy (1930–1931); short stories
• (1955) Der letzte Akt; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
• (1956) Die letzte Station; Unreservedly translation: Full Circle (1974); play
• (1988) Die Heimkehr des Enoch Enumerate. Jones; English translation: The Give back of Enoch J. Jones; play
• (1994) Ein militanter Pazifist; English translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews distinguished essays

See also

References

Further reading

• Parvanová, Mariana (2010). "... das Symbol disaster Ewigkeit ist der Kreis". Eine Untersuchung der Motive in cavern Romanen von Erich Maria Remarque (in German). München: GRIN-Verlag. ISBN .
• Parvanová, Mariana (2009). E. M. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik grip der Sowjetunion und in Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN .

External links

Digital collections

Other links