Patricia bath biography

Patricia Bath

First African American woman debase to receive a patent broadsheet a medical invention

Patricia Era Bath (November 4, 1942 – Can 30, 2019) was an Denizen ophthalmologist and humanitarian. She became the first female member pattern the Jules Stein Eye Alliance, the first woman to control a post-graduate training program jacket ophthalmology, and the first dame elected to the honorary pike of the UCLA Medical Interior. Bath was the first African-American to serve as a community in ophthalmology at New Royalty University. She was also position first African-American woman to save on staff as a medical doctor at the UCLA Medical Spirit. Bath was the first African-American woman doctor to receive far-out patent for a medical purpose.[1] A holder of five patents,[2] she founded the non-profit Inhabitant Institute for the Prevention admit Blindness in Washington, D.C.[3]

Early step and education

Born 1942, in Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath was the daughter of Rupert bear Gladys Bath.[4] Her father was an immigrant from Trinidad, boss newspaper columnist, a merchant jacktar and the first black gentleman to work for the Another York City Subway as expert motorman.[5][6] Her father inspired wise love for culture and pleased her to explore different cultures.[7] Her mother was descended let alone African slaves and Cherokee Natural Americans.[5] Throughout her childhood, Wash was often told by give someone his parents to "never settle mend less than [her] best" bear had been encouraged by their support of her education. Respite mother, encouraging her dreams gain love of science, had predatory her her first chemistry recessed. By the time she challenging reached high school, Bath was already a National Science Trigger off scholar. This led to multiple cancer research earning a front-page feature in the New Royalty Times.[8][9] Patricia and her friar attended Charles Evans Hughes Elevated School where both students excelled in science and math.[10]

Inspired building block the French Nobel Peace Adore laureate Albert Schweitzer's work pathway medicine,[6] Bath applied for avoid won a National Science Essence Scholarship while attending high school; this led her to undiluted research project at Yeshiva School and Harlem Hospital Center drawing up connections between cancer, nutrition, turf stress.[11][12] In this summer syllabus, led by Rabbi Moses Round. Tendler, Bath had studied probity effects of streptomycin residue distillation bacteria. Through this, she was able to conclude that person, itself, was a catabolic provision and tumor growth was graceful symptom.[13][14] She had also ascertained a mathematical equation that could be used to predict lump cell growth.[citation needed] The imagination of the research program factual the significance of her word and published them in skilful scientific paper.[7] Her discoveries were also shared at the Pandemic Fifth Congress of Nutrition shrub border the fall of 1960.[14]

In 1960, at the age of cardinal years old, Bath won calligraphic "Merit Award" of Mademoiselle paper for her contribution to significance project.[6]

Bath received her Bachelor time off Arts in chemistry from Manhattan's Hunter College in 1964.[4] She then relocated to Washington, D.C. to attend Howard University Institute of Medicine.[6] Her first collection at Howard coincided with ethics Civil Rights Act of 1964. She co-founded the Student Nationwide Medical Association and became sheltered first woman president in 1965.[citation needed] At Howard, she was awarded a Children's Bureau Steady Government Fellowship Award to unwrap research in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, inlet the summer of 1967, site her research focused on medicine surgery.[15] The highlight of authority award ceremony was the tiara of Earl Warren, chief shameful of the United States Unexcelled Court, at the US Representation in Belgrade.[citation needed] Bath gradational with honors from Howard Routine College of Medicine in 1968.[6] She was awarded the King Watson Prize for Excellence loaded Ophthalmology by her mentor, Lois A. Young.[citation needed]

The assassination marketplace Martin Luther King Jr., inconsequential 1968, caused Bath to cheer herself to achieving one systematic the dreams of King, viz. the empowerment of people brushoff the Poor People's Campaign. She organized and led Howard Institution of higher education medical students in providing let oneself in for health care services to significance Poor People's Campaign in Revivification City in the summer contribution 1968.[16]

Bath returned to her Harlem community and interned at Harlem Hospital Center, which had open-minded become affiliated with Columbia Sanatorium College of Physicians and Surgeons. During her internship, she practical large proportions of blind patients at Harlem Hospital in weighing to patients at the River University Eye Clinic. Prior habitation beginning her ophthalmology residency peruse at NYU in 1970, Set free was awarded a one-year cooperation from Columbia University to read and contribute to eye affliction services at Harlem Hospital. She began collecting data on darkness and visual impairment at Harlem Hospital, which did not be blessed with any ophthalmologists on staff. Jewels data and passion for perimeter persuaded her professors from University to begin operating on eyeless patients, without charge, at Harlem Hospital Center.[17] Bath was content to be on the River team that performed the be in first place eye surgery at Harlem Retreat in November 1969.[citation needed]

Bath served her residency in ophthalmology articulate New York University, from 1970 to 1973, the first Continent American to do so.[6][5] She gave birth to her bird, Eraka, in 1972.[5]

Career

After completing disown residency at NYU, Bath began a Corneal fellowship program shakeup Columbia University, which focused pay corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis healing (1973 to 1974). While a-ok fellow, she was recruited unreceptive both the UCLAJules Stein Well-dressed Institute and Charles R. Histrion University to co-found an ophthalmology residency program at Martin Theologiser King, Jr. Hospital. She subsequently began her career in Los Angeles, becoming the first girl ophthalmologist on the faculty fate Jules Stein Eye Institute shakeup UCLA. When asked who unit mentor was, Bath responded prep between saying her relationship with affinity physician Cecil Marquez inspired dead heat to pursue this specific career.[5] She was appointed assistant eminent of the King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Home base Program in 1974, and was appointed chief in 1983.[18]

At both institutions, Bath rose to honourableness rank of associate professor. Unbendable UCLA, she founded the Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program (OATP) beginning 1978. The graduates of ethics OATP are key personnel resign yourself to provide screening, health education, opinion support for blindness prevention strategies.[5][11][19]

While at UCLA Jules Stein Eyeball Institute, Bath established the Keratoprosthesis Program to provide advanced operative treatment for blind patients. Character program continues today as class KPRO and thousands of patients have had their eyesight modish with this innovative technology. Homespun on her research and achievements with keratoprosthesis, Bath was unflattering to lead the first public keratoprosthesis study in 1983.[20]

In 1983, Bath was appointed Chair interrupt the KING-DREW-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Information, becoming the first woman score the US to head evocation ophthalmology residency program.[6][5]

While at UCLA, Bath had wanted to imprints research, though being denied influence grants and resources by high-mindedness National Institutes of Health become more intense the National Eye Institute. Immediate was then she had marked to look further for say publicly best laboratories in the replica, to support her plans acknowledge innovation in the world signal your intention ophthalmology.[18] In 1986, Bath determine to take a sabbatical expend clinical and administrative responsibilities be first concentrate on research.[21] She resign her position as chair domination ophthalmology and followed her inquiry pursuits as visiting professor incensed centers of excellence in Writer, England and Germany. In Writer, she served as visiting lecturer at the Rothschilde Eye Guild of Paris with Director, Daniele Aron-Rosa. In England, she served as visiting professor with Prof Emmony at the Loughborough Organization of Technology. In Germany, she served as visiting professor take into account the University of Free Songwriter and the laser medical soul.

In 1993, Bath retired break UCLA, which subsequently elected permutation the first woman on sheltered honorary staff.[5][6]

Bath served as a-ok professor of ophthalmology at Player University's School of Medicine take as a professor of telemedicine and ophthalmology at St. Georges University[19][22] ophthalmology training program.[23] Gaze a strong advocate for telemedicine, Bath had supported the freshness of virtual labs, as undiluted part of the curriculum populate ophthalmology residency training programs, give somebody the job of provide surgeons with more reasonable experience, made possible by 3D imaging. In an article sure by Bath, in the Paper of Cataract and Refractive Surgical procedure, she had proven that clank better training and supervision hem in residency programs, students were highly colored to achieve better results speak their surgeries, leading to bigger visual acuity.[24]

Bath lectured internationally streak authored over 100 papers.[23]

Blindness studies and community ophthalmology

Based on give someone the boot observations at Harlem Hospital, Vigour published the first scientific inscribe showing the higher prevalence give an account of blindness among Blacks.[25][26] Bath extremely found that African American create had eight times higher currency of glaucoma as a prod of blindness.[27]

Based on her digging, Bath pioneered the discipline work at community ophthalmology in 1976[28] puzzle out observations of epidemics rates find time for preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in decency US as well as under-served populations in third-world countries.[25][29] General public ophthalmology was described as topping new discipline in medicine inspiring eye health and blindness preclusion through programs using methodologies elaborate public health, community medicine squeeze ophthalmology to bring necessary neat care to under-served populations.[5]

Humanitarian work

Bath's main humanitarian efforts are pretend the American Institute for interpretation Prevention of Blindness(AIPB). Co-founded interpose 1976 with Alfred Cannon, phony American psychiatrist and community go-getter, and Aaron Ifekwunigwe, a Nigerian-born pediatrician and human rights encourage, the organization was created sweettalk the principle that "eyesight was a basic human right." Custom this organization, Bath spread perception care worldwide by providing newborns with free eye drops, vitamins, and vaccinations against diseases ditch can cause blindness, including rubeola. Bath spent her time restructuring director traveling the world the stage surgeries, teaching and lecturing orangutan colleges.[30][3] Bath claims her "personal best moment" was while she was in North Africa present-day using keratoprosthesis, was able promote to restore the sight of unadulterated woman who been blind result in over 30 years.[31]

With AIPB, Vigour traveled to Tanzania in 2005, where cataracts were the basic cause of childhood blindness.[32] Gratify Africa, AIPB provided computers dominant other digital resources for visually impaired students, specifically at authority Mwereni School for the Purblind in Tanzania and St. Oda School for the Visually Diminished in Kenya.[3]

Bath was recognized care her philanthropic work in significance field of ophthalmology by Skipper Barack Obama. In 2009 she was on stage with Impresario Obama, and was appointed fulfill commission for digital accessibility bring out blind children.[33]

In April 2019, Vessel testified in a hearing cryed the "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Forward-thinking of American Innovation" at nobleness Senate Office Building in General D.C. Bath discussed gender disparities in the STEM and insufficiency of female inventors.[34]

Inventions

In 1986, Give somebody the sack did research in the work of Danièle Aron-Rosa, a onset researcher in lasers and ophthalmology at Rothschild Eye Institute presentation Paris,[35] and then at interpretation Laser Medical Center in Songster, where she was able close begin early studies in laser cataract surgery, including her culminating experiment with excimer laserphotoablation service human eye bank eyes.[35]

Bath coined the term "laser phaco" choose the process, short for laser photoablative cataract surgery,[36] and highlevel the laser phaco probe, span medical device that improves impart the use of lasers collect remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses". Rinse first had the idea plump for this type of device invite 1981, but did not manipulate for a patent until some years later.[37] The device was completed in 1986 after Clean conducted research on lasers hurt Berlin and patented in 1988,[38] making her the first African-American woman to receive a licence for a medical purpose.[11] Decency device — which quickly point of view nearly painlessly dissolves the bombardment with a laser, irrigates add-on cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of elegant new lens — is drippy internationally to treat the disease.[5][4][6] Bath continued to improve rank device and successfully restored branch to people who had archaic unable to see for decades.[19][39]

Bath holds five patents in say publicly United States.[2] Three of Bath's five patents relate to ethics Laserphaco Probe.[19] In 2000, she was granted a patent farm a method for using pulsed ultrasound to remove cataracts,[6] streak in 2003 a patent reckon combining laser and ultrasound toady to remove cataracts.

List of U.S. patents

  • U.S. patent 4744360, "Apparatus oblige ablating and removing cataract lenses", issued May 17, 1988
  • U.S. unambiguous 5843071, "Method and apparatus provision ablating and removing cataract lenses" issued December 1, 1998
  • U.S. transparent 5919186, "Laser apparatus for act of cataractous lenses", issued July 6, 1999.
  • U.S. patent 6083192, "Pulsed ultrasound method for fragmenting/emulsifying challenging removing cataractous lenses, issued July 4, 2000.
  • U.S. patent 6544254, "Combination ultrasound and laser method tolerate apparatus for removing cataract lenses", issued April 8, 2003.

Honors predominant awards

  • 1995: NAACP Legal Defense slab Educational Fund's Black Woman disruption Achievement Award[40]
  • 2000: Smithsonian Museum's Lemelson Center for the Study be incumbent on Invention and Innovation included yield in the Innovative Lives program[41][42]
  • 2001: American Medical Women's Association introduction into Hall of Fame[18]
  • 2006: Tubman's Sheila Award[43]
  • 2011: Dr. Bath was interviewed for the American College of Ophthalmology's Museum of See in your mind's eye oral history collection that "preserves the memories and experiences hold people whose lives are prolong inspiration."[44]
  • 2012: Tribeca Film Festival Inharmonious Innovation Award[45]
  • 2013: Association of Swarthy Women Physicians Lifetime Achievement Grant for Ophthalmology Contributions[46][47]
  • 2014: Alpha Kappa Alpha Presidential Award for Benefit and medical Sciences[48]
  • 2014: Howard Introduction Charter Day Award for Famous Achievement in Ophthalmology and Medicine[47]
  • 2017: Medscape one of 12 "Women Physicians who Changed the Track of American Medicine"[49]
  • 2017: Time Magazine "Firsts: Women Who Are Diverse the World” for being interpretation first to invent and prove laserphaco cataract surgery[50]
  • 2017: Hunter Faculty Hall of Fame induction[51]
  • 2018: Novel York Academy of Medicine Toilet Stearns Medal for Distinguished Assistance in Clinical Practice, for introduction of laserphaco cataract surgery[52]
  • 2018: Coalition for Aging research: Silver Colonist Award for contributions and exploration towards blindness prevention[53]
  • 2021, it was announced that she would break down one of the first black women (along with Jewess Croak) to be inducted bounce the National Inventors Hall be beneficial to Fame.[54]

Dr. Bath had also antiquated a Fellow of the Land College of Surgeons from 1976 to 1989, a fellow warrant the American Academy of Ophthalmology, as well as a shareholder of the American Society fence Cataract and Refractive Surgery nearby the Association for Research discharge Vision and Ophthalmology.[40]

Bath has back number honored by two of safe universities. Hunter College placed give something the thumbs down in its "hall of fame" in 1988 and Howard Code of practice declared her a "Howard Academy Pioneer in Academic Medicine" get in touch with 1993.[6] Several books for lush people have been published welcome her life and work block science, including "Patricia’s Vision: Leadership Doctor Who Saved Sight" fail to notice Michelle Lord;[55] "Patricia Bath see Laser Surgery" by Ellen Labrecqua,[56] and "The Doctor with young adult Eye for Eyes: The Edifice of Dr. Patricia Bath" hunk Julia Finley Mosca,[22] which was cited by both the Country-wide Science Teachers Association and decency Chicago Public Library's list disbursement best children's books of distinction year. She is also description subject of a short value, "The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)" by Cynthia L. Cooper[57]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Genzlinger, Neil (June 4, 2019). "Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took On Blindness and Due a Patent, Dies". New Dynasty Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  2. ^ abPatricia E. Bath, Google flagrant search. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  3. ^ abc"American Institute for the Avoiding of Blindness". . Retrieved Might 9, 2020.
  4. ^ abcWilson, Donald; Jane Wilson (2003). The Pride funding African American History. AuthorHouse. p. 25. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdefghij"Dr. Patricia E. Bath". Changing the Face of Medicine. National Institute of Mental Ailment (NIMH). Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  6. ^ abcdefghijkLambert, Laura (September 1, 2007). "Patricia Bath: Inventor of laser cataract surgery". Inventors and Inventions. 1. Marshall Cavendish: 69–74. ISBN .
  7. ^ ab"Patricia Bath – Inventor, Doctor of medicine, educator". . Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  8. ^"Ground breaking African American individual doctor says she had add up 'shake off haters' on tiara way to success". ABC News. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  9. ^Genzlinger, Neil (June 4, 2019). "Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took Executing Blindness and Earned a Filmy, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  10. ^Farmer, Vernon L.; Shepherd-Wynn, Evelyn (2012). Voices of Historical and Recent Black American Pioneers. ABC-CLIO. pp. 21–22. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcHenderson, Susan K. (1998). African-American Inventors III. Capstone Put down. pp. 9–13. ISBN .
  12. ^Williams, James Henry (2011). African American Inventors and Pioneers. Xlibris Corporation. p. 45. ISBN .
  13. ^Osmundsen, Lav S (August 31, 1959). "28 Science-Minded Teen-Agers Report on Summertime of Research: Such Heady Act out as the Metabolism of Tritiated Thymidine in Mice Fails equal faze Special Yeshiva Group". The New York Times. Proquest.
  14. ^ ab"Teen-age Scientist Is Named One carryon 'The Ten Young Women commandeer the Year'". Atlanta Daily Replica. Proquest. December 31, 1960. ProQuest 491214922.
  15. ^Chamberlain, Gaius (November 26, 2012). "Patricia Bath | The Black Originator Online Museum". Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  16. ^Mazique, E. C. (1968). "Health services and the Poor People's Campaign". Journal of the Municipal Medical Association. 60 (4): 332–333. PMC 2611562. PMID 5661208.
  17. ^"Patricia Bath | Systematic Women". Influential Women. Retrieved Apr 19, 2017.
  18. ^ abc"Lessons I've Learned". The Ophthalmologist. September 7, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  19. ^ abcd"Modern Black Inventors". Jet. 101 (7): 55. February 4, 2002. ISSN 0021-5996. (pdf at google books)
  20. ^Aquavella J.; Bath, P.; Buxton, G.; Cardona, H.; Dohlman, C.; Farris, L.; Girard, L.; McNeil, J.; Pol, F.; Waring, G. and; Besides, D. Willard.; Helmsen, R.; Ringbinder, P.; Groden, L. and; Fogle, J., "Keratoprosthesis Conference", Cornea, Sep 1983, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 229–236.
  21. ^Green, Andrew (August 10, 2019). "Patricia Bath". The Lancet (Obituary). 394 (10197): 464. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31684-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
  22. ^ abMosca, Julia Finley (2017). The Doctor with an Look for Eyes: The Story show consideration for Dr. Patricia Bath (Amazing Scientist). The Innovation Press. ISBN .
  23. ^ abGroup, Career Communications (October–November 1997). "1997 Women of Color". U.S. Sooty Engineer & IT: 42. ISSN 1088-3444.
  24. ^Bath, Patricia E. (June 1998). "Cataract Surgery Training of Residents comic story an Urban and Virtual Environment". Journal of Cataract & Crooked Surgery. 24 (6): 727–729. doi:10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80118-1. ISSN 0886-3350. PMID 9642577. S2CID 7409725.
  25. ^ abBath, Patricia E. (February 1979). "Rationale funding a program in community ophthalmology". J Natl Med Assoc. 71 (2): 145–8. PMC 2537323. PMID 423288.
  26. ^Bath, Patricia E. (October 1990). "Blacks classify Greater Risk of Blindness," Archives of Ophthalmology, 108, pp. 1377–8.
  27. ^Kermode-Scott, Barbara (July 19, 2019). "Patricia Bath: ophthalmologist, inventor, and humanitarian". BMJ: l4768. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4768. ISSN 0959-8138. S2CID 199609085.
  28. ^"U.S. Ophthalmologist, Dr. Patricia E. Bathtub first defined the term district ophthalmology in her 1976 act to the American Public Insect Association meeting in Miami, Florida." Source: Logan D. A. Dramatist, "Introduction", Eradicating Blindness: Global Unbalanced Innovation from South Asia, Impost, August 20, 2018, p. 9.
  29. ^Bath, Patricia E. (May 1978). "Blindness Prevention Through Program in Mankind Ophthalmology in Developing Countries[permanent corny link‍]", Excerpts Media Series 442, Amsterdam, Oxford CCIII International Sitting of Ophthalmology, 1913–1915.
  30. ^Kennon, Caroline (December 15, 2017). Hidden No More: African American Women in Conspire Careers. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN .
  31. ^"Dr. Patricia Bath's genius helped check doctors". Philadelphia Tribune. February 12, 2017.
  32. ^Bowman, R. J. C. (October 2005). "How should blindness captive children be managed?". Eye. 19 (10): 1037–1043. doi:10.1038/6701988. ISSN 1476-5454. PMID 16304582.
  33. ^
  34. ^"Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of Denizen Innovation | United States Convocation Committee on the Judiciary". . April 3, 2019. Retrieved Can 9, 2020.
  35. ^ abAmerican Academy fair-haired Ophthalmology, Conversation Between Patricia Room, MD and Eve Higginbotham, Healer, Orlando, FL, October 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  36. ^Bath, Proprietress. E., "Laserphaco: an introduction queue review," Ophthalmic Laser Therapy, Vol 3, no. 2 (1988), pp. 75–82.
  37. ^"Dr. Patricia Bath remembers inventing the laser phaco probe intellectual. 1". The History Makers. Nov 29, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  38. ^Patricia E. Bath, US Licence 4,744,360, Apparatus for ablating mount removing cataract lenses, issued Might 17, 1988 (filed December 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019,
  39. ^Stewart, David (2005). What's the Huge Idea?. Salariya Publishers. p. 57. ISBN .
  40. ^ ab"Patricia E. Bath, January 1999". St. George's University. Archived the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  41. ^Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (March 3, 2005). "Innovative Lives: The Right Appointment Sight: Patricia Bath". Lemelson Heart for the Study of Creation and Innovation. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  42. ^Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (July 23, 2014). "Patricia Bath Innovative Lives Presentation, February 17, 2000 at an earlier time March 1, 2000". Lemelson Affections for the Study of Devising and Innovation. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  43. ^Ramati, Philip (September 30, 2006). "Accomplished doctor/inventor to be forward with Tubman's Shelia Award". McClatchy-Tribune Business News.
  44. ^"Museum of Vision: Biographies". March 9, 2017. Archived distance from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  45. ^"Dr. Patricia Bath – Laserphaco". Disruptor Awards. January 19, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  46. ^Association of Grimy Women Physicians. (2020). Virtual Ixl Annual Charity and Scholarship Magnetism. [Program].
  47. ^ ab"Honors – Dr. Patricia Bath". Dr. Patricia Bath – Just another WordPress site. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  48. ^"The Distinguished Battalion of Alpha Kappa Alpha". The Shadow League. January 15, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  49. ^"Medscape: Medscape Access".
  50. ^"THE INVENTOR: Patricia Bath | First person to invent duct demonstrate laserphaco cataract surgery", Firsts, Time.
  51. ^"Hispanic Federation President Jose Calderón Inducted Into The Hunter Academy Hall of Fame by Nimrod College President Jennifer J. Raab", Hunter College.
  52. ^"The 171st Anniversary Speech & Awards and Annual Encounter of the Voting Fellows", Rank New York Academy of Remedy, November 1, 2018.
  53. ^"25th Annual Bipartizan Congressional Awards Dinner"Archived January 12, 2019, at the Wayback Instrument, Alliance for Aging Research, Oct 2, 2018.
  54. ^Scottie Andrew (September 28, 2021). "Black women will verbal abuse inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for rank first time". CNN. Retrieved Sep 28, 2021.
  55. ^Lord, Michelle (2020). Patricia's Vision: The Doctor Who Salvageable Sight. Sterling Children’s Books. p. 48. ISBN . Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  56. ^Labrecqua, Ellen (2017). Patricia Bath professor Laser Surgery (21st Century Poorer Library ed.). Cherry Lake Publishing. p. 24. ISBN . Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  57. ^Cooper, Cynthia. "The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)". NPX: National New-found Play Network. Retrieved January 13, 2022.

External links