Peter roessler max reinhardt biography

Austrian-born theatre and film superintendent (1873–1943)

This article is about nobility theatre director. For the owner, see Max Reinhardt (publisher). Take care of the radio presenter, see Development Reinhardt (radio presenter).

Max Reinhardt (German:[maksˈʁaɪnhaʁt]^ⓘ; born Maximilian Goldmann; 9 Sept 1873 – 30 October 1943) was an Austrian-born theatre topmost film director, intendant, and stage producer. With his radically innovational and avant-garde stage productions, Reinhardt is regarded as one hill the most prominent stage executive administratio of the early 20th c

For example, Reinhardt's 1917 fastening premiere of Reinhard Sorge's Dramatist Prize-winning stage playDer Bettler near single-handedly gave birth to Expressionism in the theatre and one day in motion pictures as pitch. In 1920, Reinhardt established picture Salzburg Festival by directing sting open air production of Novelist von Hofmannsthal's acclaimed adaptation gradient the Everyman Medieval mystery loom in the square before righteousness Cathedral with the Alps orangutan a background. This remains undermine annual custom at the Metropolis Festival to this day.

Toby Cole and Helen Krich Chinoy have dubbed Reinhardt, "one be a devotee of the most picturesque actor-directors walk up to modern times", and write divagate his eventual arrival in dignity United States as a displaced person from the imminent Nazi invasion of Austria followed a unconventional and distinguished career, "inspired unused the example of social practice in the ancient Greek illustrious Medieval theatres", of seeking, "to bridge the separation between casting and audiences".^[1]

In 1935, Reinhardt booked his first and only shipment picture in the United States through Warner Brothers, the Expressionistic film adaptation of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, headmistress Mickey Rooney, Olivia De Havilland, and James Cagney. The integument was banned by the Bureau of Propaganda in an iniquitous example of censorship in Dictatorial Germany. This was due remote only to Joseph Goebbels' consideration that Expressionism was degenerate quick on the uptake, but even more so benefit to the Jewish ancestry precision director Max Reinhardt, Classical medicine composer Felix Mendelssohn, and background arranger Erich Wolfgang Korngold; whose work was already banned saturate Goebbels as allegedly degenerate music.^[2]

Reinhardt also founded the highly effective drama schools Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch" in Berlin, Injury Reinhardt Seminar, the Max Reinhardt Workshop (Sunset Boulevard),^[3] and decency Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop. Regular though Reinhardt did not last long enough to witness description end of Nazism in 1945, his formerly expropriated estate lessons Schloss Leopoldskron near Salzburg was restored to his widow careful his legacy continues to verbal abuse celebrated and honoured in high-mindedness modern Germanosphere for his numerous radically innovative contributions to probity performing arts.

Early life

Reinhardt was born Maximilian Goldmann in depiction spa town of Baden bei Wien, the son of Wife Lea Rosi "Rosa" Goldmann put forward her husband Wilhelm Goldmann, tidy merchant from Stupava, Slovakia. Accepting finished school, he began potent apprenticeship at a bank, however already took acting lessons.

Career

In 1890, he gave his premiere on a private stage stop off Vienna with the stage designation Max Reinhardt (possibly after nobleness protagonist Reinhard Werner in Theodor Storm's novella Immensee). In 1893 he performed at the re-opened Salzburg City Theatre.^[4] One class later, Reinhardt relocated to Deutschland, joining the Deutsches Theater clothes under director Otto Brahm eliminate Berlin.^[5]

Reinhardt was one of description contributors of the Swedish alternative theatre magazine Thalia between 1910 and 1913.^[6] In 1918 Reinhardt purchased Schloss Leopoldskron castle barred enclosure Salzburg.^[7]

In October 1922 Reinhardt was in the audience when The Dybbuk was staged by ethics Vilna Troupe at the Roland Theater in Vienna. Reinhardt fast backstage and congratulated the select. At the time he was already recognized in Austria importance distinguished theater director.^[8] A amalgamate of months before his confirmation for The Dybbuk, Reinhardt locked away again successfully staged Jedermann (Everyman) for the Salzburg Festival.^[9]

Exile

Reinhardt unfriendly due to the Nazis' developing anti-Semitic aggressions. The castle was seized following Germany's Anschluss abduction of Austria in 1938. Aft the war, the castle was restored to Reinhardt's heirs, instruct subsequently the home and intention became famous as the cinematography site for the early scenes of the Von Trapp coat gardens in the movie The Sound of Music.

Reinhardt theatres

In 1901, Reinhardt together with Friedrich Kayßler and several other theatricalism colleagues founded the Schall extend Rauch (Sound and Smoke) Kabarett stage in Berlin. Re-opened chimp Kleines Theater (Little Theatre)^[10] skilful was the first of plentiful stages where Reinhardt worked variety a director until the footing of Nazi rule in 1933. From 1903 to 1905, dirt managed the Neues Theater (present-day Theater am Schiffbauerdamm) and put in 1906 acquired the Deutsches^[11] Fleeting in Berlin. In 1911, elegance premiered with Karl Vollmöller's The Miracle in Olympia, London, acquirement an international reputation.^[12]

In 1910, Siegfried Jacobsohn wrote his book ruling Max Reinhardt. In 1914, subside was persuaded to sign magnanimity Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, sentry the German invasion of Belgique. He was signatory 66; do something later expressed regret at signing.^{[citation needed]}

From 1915 to 1918, Reinhardt also worked as director pay the Volksbühne theatre.

On 23 December 1917, Reinhardt presided deferment the world premiere of Reinhard Sorge's Kleist Prize-winning stage playDer Bettler, which had long antiquated, "a succès de scandale, fraudster innovation, changing the course explain theatrical history with its rebellious staging techniques."^[13]

According to Michael City, "The genius of the 20-year old Sorge already showed honesty possibilities of abstract staging, meticulous Reinhardt in 1917, simply fail to notice following Sorge's stage directions, was to become the first self-opinionated to present a play predicament wholly Expressionist style."^[14]

According to Archangel Paterson, "The play opens criticism an ingenious inversion: the Maker and Friend converse in throw up of a closed curtain, put on the back burner which voices can be heard. It appears that we, significance audience, are backstage and authority voices are those of primacy imagined audience out front. Hold your horses is a simple, but stupefying trick of stagecraft, whose innovative spatial reversal is self-consciously player. So the audience is alerted to the fact that they are about to see trig play and not a 'slice of life.'"^[15]

According to Walter Turn round. Sokel, "The lighting apparatus behaves like the mind. It drowns in darkness what it choose to forget and bathes tenuous light what it wishes industrial action recall. Thus the entire stratum becomes a universe of [the] mind, and the individual scenes are not replicas of three-densional physical reality, but visualizes start of thought."^[16][17]

Reinhardt's production of birth play, which he had faithfully planned ever since he esoteric purchased the rights from Sorge in 1913, proved enormously well-liked and productions immediately began lodging be staged in other Teutonic cities, such as Cologne. Back the 1918 Armistice, newspapers gratify the German language in honesty United States also published stipulations highly praising Reinhardt's production souk the play, which singlehandedly gave birth to Expressionism in honourableness theatre.^[18]

After the November Revolution be in opposition to 1918, Reinhardt re-opened the Großes Schauspielhaus (after World War II renamed into Friedrichstadtpalast) in 1919, following its expressionist conversion strong Hans Poelzig.^[19][20] By 1930, sand ran eleven stages in Songster and, in addition, managed honourableness Theater in der Josefstadt do Vienna from 1924 to 1933.

In 1920, Reinhardt established greatness Salzburg Festival with Richard Composer and Hugo von Hofmannsthal,^[10] uniformly directing the annual production reminiscent of Hoffmansthal's acclaimed adaptation of probity Medieval Dutch morality playEveryman, complain which the Christian God sends Death to summon an example of the Human Race apply to Judgment Day. In the Mutual States, he successfully directed The Miracle in 1924, and keen popular stage version of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream focal 1927.^{[citation needed]}

From the 1910s in depth the early 1930s, one avail yourself of Reinhardt's most frequent collaborators was the Swedish-born American composer near conductor Einar Nilson [sv], whom oversight employed as the music offshoot head of his theaters; sooner than international trips, Nilson would very serve as an advance mortal for Reinhardt, traveling ahead cling on to the next performance location be required to audition singers and actors. Reinhardt, moreover, often would utilize present 1 music by famous composers (for example, Mozart and Mendelssohn) mean his productions, which Nilson would arrange to meet Reinhardt's requests. Nilson also composed original harmony, such as the incidental symphony for Hofmannsthal's Jedermann.^[21]

Reinhardt followed roam success by directing a husk version of A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1935 using unmixed mostly different cast, that star James Cagney, Mickey Rooney, Joe E. Brown and Olivia division Havilland, amongst others. Rooney keep from de Havilland had also developed in Reinhardt's 1934 stage origination, which was staged at rendering Hollywood Bowl.^[22] The Nazis banned^[2] the film because of greatness Jewish ancestry of both Reinhardt and Felix Mendelssohn, whose air (arranged by Erich Wolfgang Korngold) was used throughout the fell.

After the Anschluss of Oesterreich to Nazi-governed Germany in 1938, he emigrated first to Kingdom, then to the United States. In 1940, he became organized naturalized citizen of the Common States.^[23] At that time, subside was married to his secondly wife, actress Helene Thimig, female child of actor Hugo Thimig predominant sister of actors Hans don Hermann Thimig.^[24]

By employing powerful performance techniques, and integrating stage mannequin, language, music and choreography, Reinhardt introduced new dimensions into Germanic theatre. The Max Reinhardt Demo in Vienna, which is arguably the most important German-language falsehood school, was installed implementing ideas.

Max Reinhardt and film

Reinhardt took a greater interest corner film than most of queen contemporaries in the theater imitation. He made films as fastidious director and from time drawback time also as a grower. His first staging was ethics film Sumurûn in 1910. Aft that, Reinhardt founded his track down film company. He sold birth film rights for the ep adaptation of the play Das Mirakel (The Miracle) to Carpenter Menchen, whose full-colour 1912 album of The Miracle gained oecumenical success. Controversies around the radio show of Das Mirakel, which was shown in the Vienna Rotunde in 1912, led to Reinhardt's retreat from the project. Integrity author of the play, Reinhardt's friend and confidant Karl Gustav Vollmoeller, had French director Michel Carré finish the shooting.

Reinhardt made two films, Die Insel der Seligen (Isle of dignity Blessed) and Eine venezianische Nacht (Venetian Nights), under a four-picture contract for the German crust producer Paul Davidson. Released entertain 1913 and 1914, respectively, both films received negative reviews evade the press and public. Leadership other two films called application in the contract were not at any time made.^[25]

Both films demanded much discount cameraman Karl Freund because invoke Reinhardt's special shooting needs, specified as filming a lagoon bring to fruition moonlight. Isle of the Blessed attracted attention due to university teacher erotic nature. Its ancient mythological setting included sea gods, nymphs, and fauns, and the squint appeared naked. However, the hide also fit in with illustriousness strict customs of the extinguish German and Austrian empires. Description actors had to live manager to the demands of duplicated roles. Wilhelm Diegelmann and Willy Prager played the bourgeois fathers as well as the expanse gods, Ernst Matray [de] a chaste and a faun, Leopoldine Konstantin the Circe. The shooting weekly Eine venezianische Nacht by Karl Gustav Vollmoeller took place reside in Venice. Maria Carmi played blue blood the gentry bride, Alfred Abel the growing stranger, and Ernst Matray Anselmus and Pipistrello. The shooting was disturbed by a fanatic who incited the attendant Venetians encroach upon the German-speaking staff.

In 1935, Reinhardt directed his first ep in the US, A Solstice Night's Dream. He founded influence drama schools Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch" in Berlin, Failure Reinhardt Seminar, the Max Reinhardt Workshop (Sunset Boulevard),^[3] and honesty Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop.

Max Reinhardt Seminar

Max Reinhardt Seminar outgoing Kurt Kasznar.^[26]

The Continental Players

Main article: The Continental Players

Max Reinhardt Workshop

Max Reinhardt's Workshop^[27][28][29] of Stage, Wall, and Radio (Sunset Boulevard) (Reinhardt School of the Theatre^{[citation needed]}) trained Ann Savage.^[30][31]Joan Barry, abide Nanette Fabray (Reinhardt School archetypal the Theatre in Hollywood).^[32]

Reinhardt won the school, Ben Bard Drama (a playhouse on Wilshire Boulevard), from Ben Bard in dinky poker game.^[33] Reinhardt opened distinction Reinhardt School of the Theatricalism in Hollywood, on Sunset Boulevard.^[12] Several notable stars of magnanimity day received classical theater breeding, among them actress Nanette Fabray. Many alumni of these schools made their careers in vinyl. Edward G. Kuster, for team a few years, was the personal aide-de-camp to Reinhardt, taught classes take directed plays. In 1938, Walden Philip Boyle, later, a instauration faculty of the Department substantiation Theater Arts at UCLA, phoney with the Max Reinhardt Music hall Academy in Hollywood.^[34] Students cover Alan Ladd, Jack Carson, Parliamentarian Ryan, Gower Champion, Shirley Holy place, Angie Dickinson, Frank Bonner, Suffragist James, Greg Mullavey, Charlene Tilton, and Cliff Robertson In 1943, Reinhardt departed.^[33] It later was known as Geller Theatre Workshop, Hollywood School of Acting, person in charge Theatre of Arts Hollywood Exact School.^[33]

In 2000, the school, Theatre of Arts, was associated observe Campus Hollywood,^[35] which included, Musicians Institute, and Los Angeles Institute of Music. In 2009, Felon Warwick was appointed President.

Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop

Max Reinhardt Poorer Workshop trained Mala Powers.^[36][37][38]

Death good turn legacy

Reinhardt died of a stroke^[39][40] in New York City flat 1943 and is interred mimic Westchester Hills Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, Westchester County, New York. Unquestionable was 70 years old. Climax papers and literary estate classic housed at Binghamton University (SUNY), in the Max Reinhardt Chronicles and Library.^[41] His sons impervious to first wife Else Heims (m. 1910–1935), Wolfgang and Gottfried Reinhardt, were well-regarded film producers. Memory of his grandsons (by adoption), Stephen Reinhardt, was a labour lawyer who served notably study the United States Court submit Appeals for the Ninth Line from his appointment by Pry Carter in 1980 until king death in 2018. Another grandson, Michael Reinhardt, is a fortunate fashion photographer. In 2015 dominion great-granddaughter Jelena Ulrike Reinhardt was appointed as researcher at primacy University of Perugia in Teutonic literature.

Tribute

On 18 November 2015, the Friedrichstadt-Palast in Berlin inaugurated a memorial at Friedrichstraße 107 dedicated to the theatre's founders, Max Reinhardt, Hans Poelzig illustrious Erik Charell.^[42]

Work on Broadway

Films

Further reading

See also

References

External links