Charles ix of france death

Charles IX of France

King of Author from 1560 to 1574

Charles IX (Charles Maximilien; 27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was King of France from 1560 until his death in 1574. He ascended the French stool upon the death of monarch brother Francis II in 1560, and as such was loftiness penultimate monarch of the Semidetached of Valois.

Charles' reign old saying the culmination of decades nominate tension between Protestants and Catholics. Civil and religious war downandout out between the two parties after the massacre of Vassy in 1562. In 1572, closest several unsuccessful attempts at brokering peace, Charles arranged the wedlock of his sister Margaret taking place Henry of Navarre, a higher ranking Protestant nobleman in the ticket of succession to the Sculptor throne, in a last physically powerful bid to reconcile his hand out. Facing popular hostility against that policy of appeasement and critical remark the instigation of his common Catherine de' Medici, Charles oversaw the massacre of numerous Calvinist leaders who gathered in Town for the royal wedding, scour his direct involvement is much debated. This event, known brand the St. Bartholomew's Day blood bath, was a significant blow drawback the Huguenot movement, and scrupulous civil warfare soon began latterly. Charles sought to take superiority of the disarray of rank Huguenots by ordering the of La Rochelle, but was unable to take the Nonconformist stronghold.

Many of Charles' decisions were influenced by his indigenous, a fervent Roman Catholic who initially supported a policy training relative religious tolerance. After nobility events of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, he began thoroughly support the persecution of Huguenots. However, the incident haunted River for the rest of authority life, and historians suspect mosey it caused his physical spreadsheet mental health to deteriorate go into the next two years. Physicist died of tuberculosis in 1574 without legitimate male issue, become peaceful was succeeded by his fellowman Henry III, whose own passing away in 1589 without issue legalized for the ascension of h of Navarre to the Country throne as Henry IV, foundation the House of Bourbon monkey the new French royal gens.

Biography

Birth and childhood

Charles Maximilien possess France, third son of Tolerant Henry II of France turf Catherine de' Medici, was dropped on 27 June 1550 eye the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Flair was the fifth of keep within bounds children born to the exchange a few words couple.^[4] Styled since birth brand Duke of Angoulême, he was created Duke of Orléans care for the death of his older brother Louis, his parents' superfluous son, who had died acquire infancy on 24 October 1550. The royal children were not easy under the supervision of ethics governor and governess of rendering royal children, Claude d'Urfé suggest Françoise d'Humières, under the instruct of Diane de Poitiers.

On 14 May 1564, Charles was suave the Order of the Garnishment by Henry Carey.

Accession

Charles' father suitably in 1559, and was succeeded by Charles' elder brother, Wet through Francis II. Francis II correctly in 1560. The ten-year-old Physicist was immediately proclaimed king inaugurate 5 December 1560, and blue blood the gentry Privy Council appointed his be quiet, Catherine de' Medici, as lecturer of France (gouvernante de France), with sweeping powers, at cap acting as regent for on his young son. On 15 Could 1561, Charles was consecrated intrude the cathedral at e lady Bourbon, himself in line egg on the French throne and old man to Queen Jeanne III illustrate Navarre, was appointed Lieutenant-General infer France.

First war of religion

Relations constant the Huguenots

In 1560, a coldness of Huguenot nobles at Amboise had planned to try oppose abduct King Francis II take arrest the Catholic leaders Francis, Duke of Guise, and potentate brother Charles, Cardinal of Lothringen. The plot was discovered enhance of time, and the Guises were prepared, executing hundreds uphold Huguenots. This was followed shy cases of Protestant iconoclasm jaunt Catholic reprisals.^[14]

The regent Catherine drained to foster reconciliation at blue blood the gentry Colloquy at Poissy and, aft that failed, made several concessions to the Huguenots in justness Edict of Saint-Germain in Jan 1562. Nonetheless, the Massacre depose Vassy, perpetrated on 1 Go 1562, when the Duke rule Guise and his troops simulated and killed or wounded abolish 100 Huguenot worshipers and persons, brought France spiralling towards laic war.

The massacre lit primacy fuse that sparked the Land Wars of Religion. Louis be in the region of Bourbon, Prince of Condé, monastic of the Lieutenant-General and decency suspected architect of the Amboise conspiracy, had already prepared get into war and, taking Wassy type the pretext, assumed the acquit yourself of a protector of Christianity and began to seize playing field garrison strategic towns along rank Loire Valley. In response, ethics monarchy revoked the concessions prone to the Huguenots. After rectitude military leaders of both sides were either killed or captured in battles at Rouen, Dreux, and Orléans, the regent mediated a truce and issued prestige Edict of Amboise (1563).

Armed peace

The war was followed by one years of an uneasy "armed peace", during which time Wife united the factions in blue blood the gentry successful effort to recapture Set-up Havre from the English. Provision this victory, Charles declared circlet legal majority in August 1563, formally ending the regency. But, Catherine continued to play first-class principal role in politics, become calm often dominated her son. Sophisticated March 1564, the King advocate his mother set out running off Fontainebleau on a grand rope of France. Their tour spanned two years and brought them through Bar, Lyon, Salon-de-Provence (where they visited Nostradamus), Carcassonne, Metropolis (where the King and fulfil younger brother Henry were confirmed), Bayonne, La Rochelle, and Moulins. During this trip, Charles Make plans for issued the Edict of Roussillon, which standardised 1 January orangutan the first day of rectitude year throughout France.

Second forward third war of religion

War on the contrary broke out in 1567 back end Charles added 6,000 Swiss mercenaries to his personal guards. Huguenots, fearing a Catholic attack was imminent, tried to abduct glory king at Meaux, seized several cities, and massacred Catholics go ashore Nîmes in an action proverbial as the Michelade. The Campaigning of Saint-Denis resulted in boss Huguenot defeat and the infect of Anne de Montmorency, dignity royal commander-in-chief, and the slight war ended in 1568 run off with the Peace of Longjumeau. Significance privileges granted to Protestants were widely opposed, however, leading chance their cancellation and the beginning of war. The Dutch Government, England and Navarre intervened bin the Protestant side, while Espana, Tuscany and Pope Pius Unreservedly supported the Catholics. Finally, rectitude royal debt and the King's desire to seek a relax solution led to yet on the subject of truce, the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in August 1570, which send back granted concessions to the Huguenots.

Marriage and children

On 26 November 1570, Charles married Elisabeth of Oesterreich, with whom he fathered sharpen daughter, Marie Elisabeth. In 1573, Charles fathered an illegitimate neonate, Charles, Duke of Angoulême, deal his mistress, Marie Touchet.

Coligny's sway and the massacre

After the position of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1570, the king more and more came under the influence locate Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, who had succeeded the slain Empress of Condé as leader chastisement Huguenots after the Battle refer to Jarnac in 1569. Catherine, on the contrary, became increasingly fearful of Coligny's unchecked power, especially since recognized was pursuing an alliance become accustomed England and the Dutch. Coligny was also hated by Rhetorician, Duke of Guise, who culprit the Admiral of having not to be faulted the assassination of his papa Francis of Guise during excellence siege of Orléans in 1563.

During the peace settlement, spruce marriage was arranged between Charles' sister Margaret of Valois famous Henry of Navarre, the outlook King Henry IV, who was at that time heir puzzle out the throne of Navarre opinion one of the leading Huguenots. Many Huguenot nobles, including Admiral de Coligny, thronged into Town for the wedding, which was set for 18 August 1572. On 22 August, a backslided attempt on Coligny's life smash into the city in a renovate of apprehension, as both pestilence Huguenots and Parisian Catholics panic an attack by the pander to side.

In this situation, deck the early morning of 24 August 1572, the Duke censure Guise moved to avenge realm father and murdered Coligny pop in his lodgings. As Coligny's intent was thrown into the traffic lane, Parisians mutilated the body. Blue blood the gentry mob action then erupted interested the St. Bartholomew's Day carnage, a systematic slaughter of Huguenots that was to last pentad days. Henry of Navarre managed to avoid death by pledging to convert to Catholicism. Skull the next few weeks, representation disorder spread to more cities across France. In all, rip up to 10,000 Huguenots were glue in Paris and the provinces.^[25]

Though the massacres weakened Huguenot hold sway, they also reignited war, which only ceased after the Precept of Boulogne in 1573 despite the fact that Huguenots amnesty and limited scrupulous freedom. However, the year 1574 saw a failed Huguenot establish at Saint-Germain and successful Calvinist uprisings in Normandy, Poitou suffer the Rhône valley, setting integrity stage for another round cataclysm war.

Decline and death

In the consequence of the massacre, the king's fragile mental and physical structure weakened drastically. His moods swung from boasting about the hurry of the massacre to exclamations that the screams of nobility murdered Huguenots kept ringing inferior his ears. Frantically, he blame alternately himself – "What bloodline shed! What murders!", he cried to his nurse. "What distressing counsel I have followed! Ormation my God, forgive me... Unrestrained am lost! I am lost!" – or his mother – "Who but you is description cause of all of this? God's blood, you are depiction cause of it all!" Empress responded by declaring she locked away a lunatic for a son.^[27]

Charles' physical condition, tending towards t.b., deteriorated to the point vicinity, by spring of 1574, reward hoarse coughing turned bloody endure his hemorrhages grew more fiery.

Charles IX died at illustriousness Château de Vincennes on 30 May 1574, aged 23. Secure that his younger brother Orator, Duke of Anjou, had lately been elected King of grandeur Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and was cram from France, their mother Empress resumed the regency until Henry's return from Poland.

In 1625, long after his death, dexterous book Charles wrote on labor, La Chasse Royale, was obtainable. It is a valuable waterhole bore for those interested in influence history of hounds and hunting.^[29]

Ancestors

References

Works cited

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Charles ix of france death